These two superficial muscles are important for changing the position of the head.

Both muscles also receive input from cervical spinal nerves. Along with the spinal accessory nerve, these nerves contribute to elevating the scapula and clavicle through the trapezius, which is tested by asking the patient to shrug both shoulders, and watching for asymmetry. For the sternocleidomastoid, those spinal nerves are primarily sensory projections, whereas the trapezius also has lateral insertions to the clavicle and scapula, and receives motor input from the spinal cord. Calling the nerve the spinal accessory nerve suggests that it is aiding the spinal nerves. Though that is not precisely how the name originated, it does help make the association between the function of this nerve in controlling these muscles and the role these muscles play in movements of the trunk or shoulders. This figure shows the side view of a person’s neck with the different muscles labeled. The accessory nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, both of which attach to the head and to the trunk and shoulders. They can act as antagonists in head flexion and extension, and as synergists in lateral flexion toward the shoulder. 

To test these muscles, the patient is asked to Focused In flex and extend the neck or shrug the shoulders against resistance, testing the strength of the muscles. Lateral flexion of the neck toward the shoulder tests both at the same time. Any difference on one side versus the other would suggest damage on the weaker side. These strength tests are common for the skeletal muscles controlled by spinal nerves and are a significant component of the motor exam. Deficits associated with the accessory nerve may have an effect on orienting the head, as described with the VOR. The Pupillary Light Response The autonomic control of pupillary size in response to a bright light involves the sensory input of the optic nerve and the parasympathetic motor output of the oculomotor nerve. When light hits the retina, specialized photosensitive ganglion cells send a signal along the optic nerve to the pretectal nucleus in the superior midbrain. A neuron from this nucleus projects to the Eddinger–Westphal nuclei in the oculomotor complex in both sides of the midbrain. Neurons in this nucleus give rise to the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that project through the oculomotor nerve to the ciliary ganglion in the posterior orbit. The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the ganglion project to the iris, where they release acetylcholine onto circular fibers that constrict the pupil to reduce the amount of light hitting the retina. 

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for dilating the pupil when light levels are low. Shining light in one eye will elicit constriction of both pupils. The efferent limb of the pupillary light reflex is bilateral. Light shined in one eye causes a constriction of that pupil, as well as constriction of the contralateral pupil. Shining a penlight in the eye of a patient is a very artificial situation, as both eyes are normally exposed to the same light sources. Testing this reflex can illustrate whether the optic nerve or the oculomotor nerve is damaged. If shining the light in one eye results in no changes in pupillary size but shining light in the opposite eye elicits a normal, bilateral response, the damage is associated with the optic nerve on the nonresponsive side. If light in either eye elicits a response in only one eye, the problem is with the oculomotor system. If light in the right eye only causes the left pupil to constrict, the direct reflex is lost and the consensual reflex is intact, which means that the right oculomotor nerve (or Eddinger–Westphal nucleus) is damaged. Damage to the right oculomotor connections will be evident when light is shined in the left eye. In that case, the direct reflex is intact but the consensual reflex is lost, meaning that the left pupil will constrict while the right does not. The cranial nerves can be separated into four major groups associated with the subtests of the cranial nerve exam. First are the sensory nerves, then the nerves that control eye movement, the nerves of the oral cavity and superior pharynx, and the nerve that controls movements of the neck. 

The olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves are strictly sensory nerves for smell, sight, and balance and hearing, whereas the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves carry somatosensation of the face, and taste—separated between the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and the posterior one-third. Special senses are tested by presenting the particular stimuli to each receptive organ. General senses can be tested through sensory discrimination of touch versus painful stimuli. The oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves control the extraocular muscles and are connected by the medial longitudinal fasciculus to coordinate gaze. Testing conjugate gaze is as simple as having the patient follow a visual target, like a pen tip, through the visual field ending with an approach toward the face to test convergence and accommodation. Along with the vestibular functions of the eighth nerve, the vestibulo-ocular reflex stabilizes gaze during head movements by coordinating equilibrium sensations with the eye movement systems. The trigeminal nerve controls the muscles of chewing, which are tested for stretch reflexes. Motor functions of the facial nerve are usually obvious if facial expressions are compromised, but can be tested by having the patient raise their eyebrows, smile, and frown. Movements of the tongue, soft palate, or superior pharynx can be observed directly while the patient swallows, while the gag reflex is elicited, or while the patient says repetitive consonant sounds. 

The motor control of the gag reflex is largely controlled by fibers in the vagus nerve and constitutes a test of that nerve because the parasympathetic functions of that nerve are involved in visceral regulation, such as regulating the heartbeat and digestion. Movement of the head and neck using the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles is controlled by the accessory nerve. Flexing of the neck and strength testing of those muscles reviews the function of that nerve. also available. The patient is asked to indicate whether one or two stimuli are present while keeping their eyes closed. The examiner will switch between using the two points and a single point as the stimulus. Failure to recognize two points may be an indication of a dorsal column pathway deficit. Similar to two-point discrimination, but assessing laterality of perception, is double simultaneous stimulation. Two stimuli, such as the cotton tips of two applicators, are touched to the same position on both sides of the body. If one side is not perceived, this may indicate damage to the contralateral posterior parietal lobe. Because there is one of each pathway on either side of the spinal cord, they are not likely to interact. If none of the other subtests suggest particular deficits with the pathways, the deficit is likely to be in the cortex where conscious perception is based. 

The mental status exam contains subtests that assess other functions that are primarily localized to the parietal cortex, such as stereognosis and graphesthesia. A final subtest of sensory perception that concentrates on the sense of proprioception is known as the Romberg test. The patient is asked to stand straight with feet together. Once the patient has achieved their balance in that position, they are asked to close their eyes. Without visual feedback that the body is in a vertical orientation relative to the surrounding environment, the patient must rely on the proprioceptive stimuli of joint and muscle position, as well as information from the inner ear, to maintain balance. This test can indicate deficits in dorsal column pathway proprioception, as well as problems with proprioceptive projections to the cerebellum through the spinocerebellar tract. representing a Watch this video to see a quick demonstration of two-point discrimination. Touching a specialized caliper to the surface of the skin will measure the distance between two points that are perceived as distinct stimuli versus a single stimulus.

People these things start to get very confidently but eventually to the loss of confidence in their determination

If you are not selected do not force your will must be low You have the determination and strength of will is the solution to obesity You must make up your mind for sure before you start any program as most people stop working on weight loss or dieting programs after some time Best foods to healthy weight loss are simply fruits and vegetables However good nutrition is apparently not important in the United States because only 20 percent of the population eat enough fruits and vegetables on a daily basis The idea behind eating for weight loss is not a mystery Just eat a variety of fruits and vegetables The key to losing weight and keeping it is to eat sufficient amounts of fresh fruits and vegetables and drink plenty of water and exercise regularly The first reason is because fruits and vegetables and food dense This means on the basis of their weight most of the weight loss low in calories More good news is that you can eat a lot of food when your diet is rich in vegetables and fruits 

The second reason is satiety State that a Exo Slim person has had either enough or too much of anything Most nutrition experts agree that all fresh produce is loaded and water fiber and both of these keep the calories down and make you feel full for a longer period If you want to get the full benefits of fresh fruits and vegetables such as weight loss great taste and a reduced risk of chronic disease you need to replace some fatty foods and calorie-rich foods in your diet You will be glad you did because fresh produce makes you feel good and improves your health Thus the good news is that eating fruits and vegetables can help your weight loss in a safe and healthy manner Some vegetarians and others say to avoid frozen and canned or dried fruits and vegetables Some health professionals nutritionists suggest that frozen canned or dried are picked before maturity peak and then packaged so you get a really fresh food However make sure that it was packed in water rather than sugary juices and other additives The best foods for healthy weight loss and general health and wellness are fresh fruits and vegetables 

It is easier to digest and food is alive It has lost none of its nutritional value because of additions or cooking Legumes (beans peas and lentils) known as an important group of foods that promote weight loss name and was a very important part of our diet in the early ancestors of time "It appeared in early 6000 BC in Asia the Americas and Europe and has become a staple food necessary to provide the protein where there was not enough meat Once called the "poor man's meat" it is true that they are inexpensive and easily But far from being "poor" in any way shape or form this nutrient-rich seeds are very miraculous Studies have proven conclusively that these humble foods provide enough food to give your body a healthy boost in both energy and immunity Although it is rich in carbohydrates and fiber and low in fat (mostly unsaturated kind) and the pulses can be as much as 25% protein (in fact soybeans is more than 30%)! This super-rich source of vegetable protein and easily digested much more than meat Although this feature is that it contains relatively low amounts of methionine an essential amino acid and that by itself is not an ideal meat substitute However this deficiency can be overcome by adding grain to your diet as any vegetarian will tell you 

This match made in heaven as grains contain low amounts of essential amino acids lysine another and pulses that do not contain! Vitamin (niacin) Niacin is important for the correct functioning of the digestive system nervous system and skin It's the main role in converting the food you eat raw energy to the process Vitamin (thiamine) If your body lacks this vitamin is essential you will leave you feeling tired and weak in spite of meals you eat each day This vitamin plays a key role in energy weight lesion in the body It improves overall heart and muscle function and the nervous system Vitamin (riboflavin) This vitamin is essential for the development of body growth It is important in the weight lesion of red blood which distributes oxygen throughout the body cells Vitamin also helps in the release of energy from carbohydrates Vitamin (pyridoxine) This vitamin is important in the creation of antibodies of the immune system and helps maintain normal nerve function and help the formation of red blood cells It is also an important factor in the breakdown of proteins Simply put the more protein we take in there is a need for more Its absence causes nausea dizziness mental and behavioral changes Apart from the above-mentioned vitamins beans are a source of potassium (better than bananas) which helps in the natural functions of the muscles and nerves Recent research has also shown that the coating of beans contain antioxidants and anti-aging properties This helps to lower cholesterol in our bodies and improves digestion and helps in the prevention of cancer Beans come in a wide range of colors flavors and textures 

There are many ways to eat them too! You can either eat them raw (red beans soybeans contain harmful toxins that are destroyed by cooking and should never be eaten raw or undercooked) fried and vegetables favorite boiled or even land to be used in soups Cup contains more iron and calcium which can be found in an ounce of cooked meat and fewer calories and no cholesterol I have been involved and fitness cardiovascular weight loss and weight training for most of my life Along the way one of the most important things I learned is what works for one person does not necessarily work for another The most important fact to remember is that we are all very different individuals A successful exercise program for one person may not work as well for someone else Most of you at one point in your life I have listened to a good friend a colleague or coworker who encouraged you to follow exactly the same exercise routine that worked well for them Rarely does the beneficiary of this experiment advice weight loss results promised We must understand that personal exercise program must be individualized as you are So how do you find the program or routine that works best for you? 

It's really a simple process that I think anyone can learn and a few simple steps First you must understand that to get in shape and lose unwanted pounds is first and foremost mentality You must make up your mind to reach your goals are achievable regardless of what it takes or the time it takes Once you get this firmly in your mind and then the rest is downhill battle Second you must realize that you can achieve your goals if you find a program that works for you Basically you have experience and a variety of exercises and find the ones that you are satisfied When you find comfort you have to stick and the program and the results will follow And last but not least you need to develop a proper diet low in saturated fat A diet which contains foods that are not only less fat but nutritious and high in carbohydrates to provide fuel for a new routine you'll need your energy high Why carbohydrates may be asking? Carbohydrates are easy to digest and turn it into fuel for the muscles While you're training you should be your primary source of energy will be helping the muscles work faster harder and more efficiently 

Other nutrients "immediate" did not provide the energy you will need to program the high-intensive exercises In fact proper diet may be the three most difficult to maintain because of the potential we have in our society today to eat well In every corner there seems to be a way for us to be tempted by a bad choice of a high proportion of fat great tasting foods just begging to be eaten If you struggle and foods rich in saturated fat and there is a weight loss that you may find useful if you eat properly is a problem faced by the majority The weight loss is clinically proven fat binder When the non-soluble fibers come in contact and dietary fat that connects directly and them to form a fluid gel around the fat that makes a very large complex so that fat cannot be absorbed by the body Fat is absorbed and then pass naturally through the body